Finally is Vygotsky’s theory of the zone of proximal development or ZPD. Which is what is used to describe the area of functioning beyond the child’s current level to which the can progress to with the support of other’s. It is used to ascertain the distance between the child’s actual level of development and the level of potential development. According to Vygotsky, the potential for cognitive development is limited to a certain time span, which he calls the ZPD. Full development during the ZPD depends upon full social interaction. The range of skill that can be developed with adult or peer guidance is far greater than what can be achieved alone, Vygotsky used the theory of scaffolding, within the ZPD which is the way in which adults and peers can help child understand a new concept or skill by supporting them. In order for scaffolding to be successful teachers need observe children regularly.

We can see that Vygotsky like Piaget, is a constructivist, but he moved away from Piaget’s view of development being based on internal factor’s and paid attention to the external factors that children experience, that impact their development. Vygotsky’s theories have had an impact on teaching and learning in the early years. His idea that culture, including a child’s family environment and education, impact the way in which children develop and learn. Therefore, the curriculum should be designed to allow children to be able to interact whilst working, through group work. Also, children should have the opportunity to play, which enables children to try out new skills and knowledge. Further to this children should receive appropriate help with activities they cannot do on their own and this should be identified through assessment. These methods are often seen in early years learning today, children often sit in groups in activities, they also have the opportunity to play and they are helped with activities which they can not do by themselves, their level of ability often being found out through assessment. Also, Vygotsky felt that teachers observation of children is very important, and this is something that is still seen as important today.